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Add the diced guanciale or pancetta to a large cold frying pan, then place over medium heat.
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Cook for 6-8 minutes, until golden and crisp and the fat has rendered. You shouldn’t need any oil, as the meat will release its own fat. If it is quite lean, simply add 1 tablespoon of olive oil.
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Add the chilli flakes and cook for about 30 seconds. Crush the peeled tomatoes with your hands or a fork, then add them to the pan. Reduce the heat to low and simmer for 15 minutes, or until the sauce has reduced and thickened slightly.
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Meanwhile, cook the penne in a large pot of well-salted boiling water until just al dente, following the packet instructions.
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Reserve 1 cup of pasta water, then drain the pasta.
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Add the cooked penne to the amatriciana sauce along with a splash of the reserved pasta water. Toss over medium heat for 1–2 minutes, until the sauce becomes glossy and coats the pasta. Add a little more pasta water if you prefer a looser sauce.
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Remove from the heat and toss through the grated Pecorino Romano or Parmesan.
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Divide between bowls and finish generously with extra Pecorino Romano and cracked black pepper.